OVERVIEW
Synthesis and growth of copper sulfate pentahydrate (CuSO₄·5H₂O) crystals through electrochemical methods. The resulting deep blue crystals are both visually striking and useful for various applications.
THE REACTION
Cu + H₂SO₄ + ½O₂ → CuSO₄ + H₂O Electrochemical method: Anode: Cu → Cu²⁺ + 2e⁻ Cathode: 2H₂O + 2e⁻ → H₂ + 2OH⁻ Overall: Cu + H₂SO₄ → CuSO₄ + H₂
PROCESS
Electrolysis Setup
Copper electrodes submerged in dilute sulfuric acid solution with DC power applied.
Solution Formation
Copper dissolves from the anode, forming copper sulfate solution as the distinctive blue color develops.
Concentration
Solution is heated to increase saturation and filtered to remove impurities.
Crystal Growth
Slow cooling and evaporation produces large, well-formed blue crystals.
APPLICATIONS
- Electroplating solutions
- PCB etching (with modifications)
- Agriculture (fungicide)
- Educational demonstrations
- Precursor for other copper compounds
SAFETY
Caution: Copper sulfate is toxic if ingested and can cause skin/eye irritation. Sulfuric acid is corrosive. Proper PPE including gloves and safety glasses required. Work in well-ventilated area.